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مدخل إلى نظريات التعلم - Introductio
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ISBN13: 9786038151105
Publisher: Rushd Bookstore
Pages: 152
Weight: 0.56
Height: 0.33 Width: 6.69 Depth: 9.61
Language: Arabic
تُعد نظريات التعلم حجر الأساس لفهم كيفية اكتساب الإنسان للمعرفة والمهارات. من أوائل من تناول التعلم كان ثورندايك بنظريته التعلم بالمحاولة والخطأ، حيث رأى أن التعلم يحدث من خلال التكرار ومحاولة الربط بين المثير والاستجابة،
أما بافلوف، فقد قدم نظرية التعلم الشرطي الكلاسيكي، موضحًا كيف يمكن لمثير محايد أن يكتسب القدرة على استحضار استجابة معينة عند اقترانه بمثير طبيعي، كما في تجربته الشهيرة على الكلاب.
وجاء بياجيه بنظرية النمو المعرفي، التي تُركز على تطور البنية الذهنية للأطفال عبر مراحل متتابعة (الحسية، ما قبل العمليات، العمليات المادية، والعمليات الصورية)، مؤكدًا أن التعلم ينبع من التفاعل بين الطفل والبيئة.
في السياق الإدراكي، قدّم علماء الجشطلت نظرية التعلم بالاستبصار، التي تركز على الفهم المفاجئ لحل المشكلة من خلال إدراك العلاقات بين العناصر، لا من خلال المحاولة والخطأ.
بينما طرح سكنر نظرية التعلم الشرطي الإجرائي، والتي تقوم على التعزيز والعقاب، حيث تُعزز السلوكيات المرغوبة بالتكرار من خلال المكافآت، وتُضعف السلوكيات غير المرغوبة بالعقاب.
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